如右圖 $O\text{-}ABCD$ 為一金字塔,底是邊長為 $1$ 之正方形,頂點 $O$ 與 $A$、$B$、$C$、$D$ 之距離均為 $2$。試問下列哪些式子是正確的?
金字塔O-ABCD示意圖
- $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{0}$
- $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{0}$
- $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{0}$
- $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} = \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD}$
- $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} = 2$
詳解
設 $ABCD$ 為邊長 $1$ 的正方形,$M$ 為 $ABCD$ 的中心。建立坐標系:
$A = \left(\dfrac{1}{2}, \dfrac{1}{2}, 0\right)$,$B = \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}, \dfrac{1}{2}, 0\right)$,$C = \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}, -\dfrac{1}{2}, 0\right)$,$D = \left(\dfrac{1}{2}, -\dfrac{1}{2}, 0\right)$,$O = (0, 0, h)$,其中 $h^2 + \dfrac{1}{2} = 4$,$h = \sqrt{\dfrac{7}{2}}$。
$(1)$ $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = (A+B+C+D) - 4O = (0, 0, -4h)
eq \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{0}$,錯誤。
$(2)$ $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = A + B - C - D = (0, 2, 0)
eq \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{0}$,錯誤。
$(3)$ $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} + \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} - \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = A - B + C - D = (0, 0, 0) = \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{0}$,正確。
$(4)$ $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} = \dfrac{1}{2} \times \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right) + \dfrac{1}{2} \times \dfrac{1}{2} + h^2 = h^2$;$\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD} = \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right) \times \dfrac{1}{2} + \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right) \times \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right) + h^2 = h^2$。故 $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OB} = \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OD}$,正確。
$(5)$ $\overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OA} \cdot \overset{\large\rightharpoonup}{OC} = \dfrac{1}{2} \times \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right) + \dfrac{1}{2} \times \left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right) + h^2 = h^2 - \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{7}{2} - \dfrac{1}{2} = 3
eq 2$,錯誤。
故答案為 $(3)(4)$。